Accurate quantification of ET in irrigated agricultural lands is crucial for planning for water allocation, optimizing crop production irrigation management, evaluating the effects of changing land use on water yields. For this purpose in the research, evapotranspiration calculated by three kind of different methods remote sensing, agro-hydrological model and computational method for maize field located in Neyshabour plain. Methods of evapotranspiration determination consist of Surface Energy Balance ALGORITHM for Land (SEBAL) ALGORITHM and Modis product satellite in the long of during growth, SWAP agro-hydrological and computational methods of FAO Penman-Monteith and Hargreaves-Samani and FAO Blany Criddle. Correlation coefficient 0.67 to 0.91 between SEBAL ALGORITHM with SWAP model and computational method showed high potential for SEBAL ALGORITHMs in the evapotranspiration estimation. In between methods forpotential evapotranspiration determination, FAO Blany Criddle method has better result in comparison with Penman-Monteith and Hargreaves-Samani methods. Also, this study found that the SEBAL ALGORITHM could be used to determine evapotranspiration in areas with shortages of data and for evaluation of computational methods and hydrological models.

SWAP as one of the new methods of international trade can have a great impact on solving the country's economic problems. This contract has become widespread in the field of international trade. But no research has been done on its advantages and disadvantages in Iran. The present article examines the issue using library resources and answers the question: What are the benefits of SWAP contracts? And what effect can it have on the country's economic development? It concludes that the SWAP can prevent the negative impact of price changes on the value of assets and cover the risk of commodity, currency and interest rate fluctuations. SWAPs reduce the cost and time of moving goods and currency, and boost the country's transportation, eliminating intermediary currency and using the national currency, and making sanctions ineffective. So the SWAP has a very positive effect on economic development, but there are also criticisms of it, which is that this contract increases crude sales and reduces domestic production and the value of the national currency. But the important point is that in addition to economic benefits, SWAPs have significant benefits in political convergence. Communicating with countries around the world through SWAPs provides political and security benefits, as well as access to the consumer markets for the sale of Iranian goods.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of changes in irrigation water quality and quantity which applied for cotton in the Rudasht irrigation system in Esfahan. This was performed by using a physically based, well-tested SWAP simulation model for crop growth, water and salt transport at field scale. Results indicated that the current practice of 900 mm annual irrigation application rates for colton, with salinity level of 4 dS m-1. Different scenarios are studied based on changes in water quantity and quality and their effect on the water and salt balance and crop yields. The first scenario is the baseline scenario which describes the current situation and will function as a reference for the other scenarios. According to the results, an almost linear relationship exists between the amount of water applied by irrigation and the amount of percolation. Soil evaporation was also linearly related to the irrigation supply. Crop transpiration and relative yields reached their maximum level at an irrigation input of about 1000 mm. Increase in appled irrigation water to more than 1100 mm caused soil salinity levels decrease slightly, but deeper collation, water logging, and soil salinity increased.At the current practices, cotton yield in average was about 66% of the potential yield (5000 kg ha-1). An incease in irrigation water salinity to 6 dS m-1 caused cotton yield decreased to 51% of potential level.

This study focuses on the investigation of intelligent form-finding and vibration analysis of a triangular polyhedral tensegrity that is enclosed within a sphere and subjected to external loads. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using the Lagrangian approach and the finite element method. The proposed form-finding approach, which is based on a basic genetic ALGORITHM, can determine regular or irregular tensegrity shapes without dimensional constraints. Stable tensegrity structures are generated from random configurations and based on defined constraints (nodes located on the sphere, parallelism, and area of upper and lower surfaces), and shape finding is performed using the fitness function of the genetic ALGORITHM and multi-objective optimization goals. The genetic ALGORITHM's efficacy in determining the shape of structures with unpredictable configurations is evaluated in two distinct scenarios: one involving a known connection matrix and the other involving fixed or random member positions (struts and cables). The shapes obtained from the ALGORITHM suggested in this study are validated using the force density approach, and their vibration characteristics are examined. The findings of the comparative study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in determining the vibrational behavior of tensegrity structures through the utilization of intelligent shape seeking techniques.

The 1990s is the beginning of oil exports for the economic development of newly independent States in Central Asia. Due to the lack of access to international waterways and the unprofitable export of crude oil to the airplane or its transit through land routes, these countries have inevitably resorted to a SWAP of oil, due to the cost-effectiveness of the route of transportation of oil from Iran for the purpose of sea communication through the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf with the oceans. This experiment began oil operations in Iran, from 1996, with the continuation of the oil contract, SWAP has played an important role in economic relations between Iran and the countries of Central Asia. However, Iran has stopped SWAP in 2010 as well as the disproportion of the level of crude oil production in Central Asian countries relative to the high capacity of its transfer to consumer markets, and, in addition, reducing its global prices and mutually increasing gas production capacity, has had a negative impact on the growing trend of SWAP economic relations. However, SWAP is a cross-selling tool for switching goods and it is also used in oil operations and has led to a saving on the cost of transferring oil and products inside the country and reduces transport and road and rail transport costs. By importing oil products or petroleum products produced by the Caspian littoral countries in one of the border areas of Iran and consuming them internally and exporting oil or its products with the same specifications from the other exit frontier in non-sanctioned conditions of Iran’ s oil trade, SWAP will expand trade relations, strengthen economic and political relations, and promote the national security of these countries.

Rice is most important agricultural crop of Guilan province sensibility to salinity and alkalinity of water and soil. In recent years, using of toxicants and fertilizers in farmlands, constructing several dams upstream, entering agricultural, homemade and industrial sewage in to a river, and drought have decreased gradually discharge of river and increased salinity of Sefidrud River as an irrigation source of Sefidrud irrigation network of Guilan province. This research tries to determine the optimal intermittent and depth of irrigating of rice in proportion to salinity of Sefidrud River using of optimization- simulation mechanisms as is the decrease in crop efficacy become minimum. To achieve this, an agro hydrological SWAP was used to simulate different stages of rice growing and an optimization model was used in a reasonable range of the intermittent rice irrigation period and depth with regard to different growth stages. Because some types of rice are affected by salinity, field experiments of Hashemi variety in Rasht in 1386 were used to calibrate the model. Optimal values of the intermittent irrigation regime in current salinity of the Sefidrud River (1.747 ds/m) included 8 days intermittent irrigation period and the depth of water for irrigating was 1, 3, 4 and 5 for vegetative, tiller, maturity and harvest stages respectively. The comparison of results of optimization- simulation model with field data in 1389 showed good efficiency of this model in irrigation optimization. In the field experiment 8 days intermittent period with irrigation 5 cm in depth was highest crop performance in 2 ds/m salinity.

Objective: Developing a model for catastrophe SWAP pricing based on the stochastic models and numerical model solving. Methodology: Vrance and Pielke (2009) database was used in this descriptive and retrospective study. Ito has been followed to determine the SWAP price changes, and the Black– Scholes modeling method was used to reach the catastrophe SWAP model. A partial integral differential equation was extracted and transformed to ordinary differential equations using Semi-discretization. The Finite difference method and the Euler method were used to solve the catastrophe SWAP pricing model. The parameters have been estimated and implemented numerically using Bjork's (2009) statistical inference method and finally, the model was implemented using MATLAB software. Findingys: A new two-factor damage model was introduced. In other words, instead of c in the Anger model, ce to the power Lambda is used and Lambda is considered to be stochastic at any given moment. Therefore, from a view of mathematical probability, intensity value is not constant and fallows a Geometric Brownian Motion process, which is correlated with the damage. A new model for catastrophe SWAP pricing has also been introduced, which has two integral and differential parts. Conclusions: The price of a catastrophe SWAP securities is inversely correlated with the growth of the damage and the increase in the severity of the damage. Besides, the price trend for damage less than the threshold, has a regular trend and these changes are proportional to the changes in the damage and intensity.